Diabetes Mellitus is the most common endocrine disorder. The diagnosis requires a fasting plasma glucose of ≥ 7.8 mmol/L (>140 mg/dL) on two occasions. Following ingestion of 75 g of glucose, the finding of a venous plasma glucose ≥ 11.1 mmol/L (≥ 200mg/dL) after 2 h and on at least one other occasion during the 2 h test is suggestive of the diagnosis. Pts with insulin-dependent diabetes (NIDDM) do not develop ketoacidosis and may be treated with diet, oral hypoglycemic, or insulin. Secondary forms of diabetes occur in chronic pancreatitis, pheochromocytoma, acromegaly, Cushing’s syndrome and exogenous glucocorticoid administration. Hyperglycemia usually causes polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia and weight loss but the first symptom may be ketoacidosis or hyperosmolar nonketotic coma.
Once diagnosis is established, a diet should be instituted that includes an appropriate number of calories based on ideal body weight, adequate protein, and a carbohydrate intake of about 40-60 % of total energy. In IDDM appropriate distribution of intake is also important to avoid hypoglycemia.

These cause serious morbidity and morbidity. Peripheral atherosclerosis may cause intermittent claudication, gangrene, coronary artery disease, and stroke. Cardiomyopathy can cause heart failure, despite angiographically normal coronary arteries. Diabetic retinopathy can be divided into simple (background) and proliferative forms. New vessel formation and scarring can cause vitreal hemorrhage and retinal detachment, so that it is leading cause of blindness. Renal disease is a major cause of death and disability. The kidneys are initially enlarged with “superfunction.” Microalbuminuria then appears with excretion of albumin in the range of 20-200 mg/d. Once macroalbuminuria begins (> 200 mg/d), GFR declines at a rate of about 1mL/min per month. Ordinary azotemia begins about 10-12 years after onset of diabetes and may be preceded by nephritic syndrome.